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Population census figures in Nigeria have historically been highly contentious and politicized. Different regions and ethnic groups often believe that census figures are manipulated for political consideration, as population size directly impacts political representation (electoral districts) and resource allocation from the federal government.

A nation-state is a political unit where the state and the nation (a group of people united by common descent, language, culture, or history) are in agreement or harmony. The concept is strongly associated with nationalism, which is the ideology promoting the interests of a particular nation.

In a parliamentary system, a vote of no confidence (or censure motion) indicates that the legislature no longer has confidence in the executive. If such a vote passes, it typically leads to the resignation of the entire cabinet (including the Prime Minister), or it may trigger a general election.

The Igbo political system was a classic example of a decentralized, acephalous society. Unlike the centralized systems of the Yoruba and Hausa, the Igbo political structure was based on lineages, age-grades, and other autonomous social units, with no single, overarching ruler.

Authority is the legitimate right to exercise power, meaning the power is seen as valid and justified by those subject to it.

1. Sovereignty (B) is the supreme power or authority within a territory. While related, authority specifically speaks to the legal right to exercise power.
2. Coercion (C) is the use of force, and influence
3. (D) is the capacity to have an effect on the character or behavior of someone or something, without necessarily having legal right.

Totalitarianism is a form of government that seeks to control virtually all aspects of public and private life. This is characterized by an excessive centralization of power in the hands of a single dictator or a small ruling elite, with minimal individual freedom and widespread state control.

The 1979 Constitution of Nigeria introduced a presidential system of government. The President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.

Morocco is a country ruled by a constitutional monarch (King Mohammed VI). A constitutional monarchy is a system where a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a written or unwritten constitution. Libya, Italy, and Uganda are republics.

Nigeria operates a three-tier federal system of government: the Federal Government (central), the State Governments, and the Local Governments.

Public opinion, expressed through various channels such as media, surveys, protests, and general sentiment, is a key way that the needs, desires, and preferences of citizens are communicated to the government.

1. The judiciary (A) interprets laws.
2. Civil service (B) implements policies.
3. Political parties (C) aggregate interests but public opinion is the broader mechanism.

While privatization aims to improve efficiency and reduce costs in the long run, a common immediate demerit, especially in the Nigerian context, has been the higher cost of goods and services for consumers as privatized entities seek to maximize profits and may face less regulation than public corporations.

1. Creation of unemployment (C) is also a frequent criticism as private companies often streamline operations.
2. Inefficient service delivery (D) is typically a demerit of public corporations, which privatization aims to address.

While political parties may engage in increasing political awareness (A), formulating policies (B), and implementing programs (C) if they are in government, their fundamental and ultimate aim is to acquire and exercise political power (i.e., win elections and govern) in order to implement their agenda.

Herbert Macaulay is widely regarded as the founding father of Nigerian nationalism. He established the first political party in Nigeria, the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), in 1923, and was a prominent critic of British colonial rule.

In a democratic political system, the electorate (the body of qualified voters) is considered the ultimate source of political power and authority. Through elections, they delegate power to their representatives, making them the political sovereign.

The constitution (C) is the legal sovereign, representing the supreme law.

An autocracy is a system of government where one person holds absolute power.

1. Theocracy (B) is a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.
2. Democracy (C) is a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
3. Aristocracy (D) is a form of government in which power is held by the nobility.

Public corporations in Nigeria often face significant challenges due to excessive political interference, which can lead to inefficiency, mismanagement, and a lack of accountability

The primary sources of international law, as recognized by the Statute of the International Court of Justice, include:

1. International conventions (treaties), whether general or particular.
2. International custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law.
3. The general principles of law recognized by civilized nations.

Judicial decisions (courts) and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. Option D provides the most comprehensive and accurate list, including customs, treaties (codified by authoritative bodies), and the role of courts (and the concept of universal jurisdiction).

Political socialization is the process by which individuals acquire political attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors.

Political parties play a significant role as agents of socialization by articulating ideologies, mobilizing citizens, and shaping political discourse. Other agents include family, schools, media, and peer groups.

While a constitution is often seen as a single document, many countries (like the UK) also rely on conventions, which are unwritten rules, customs, and practices that guide political behavior and are considered binding, even if not legally enforceable in the same way as written law. Party systems (A, D) and political structures (C) are results or aspects of a constitution, not sources of it.

The independence of the judiciary is a cornerstone of democratic governance. It means that judges and the judicial system are impartial and free from improper influence from other branches of government (executive and legislature), political parties, or private interests, allowing them to make decisions based solely on law and fact. Judges participating in politics (B) would compromise this.