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The independence of the judiciary is a cornerstone of democratic governance. It means that judges and the judicial system are impartial and free from improper influence from other branches of government (executive and legislature), political parties, or private interests, allowing them to make decisions based solely on law and fact. Judges participating in politics (B) would compromise this.

The Richards Constitution of 1946 was the first to introduce the principle of regionalism to Nigeria, dividing the country into three regions (North, East, and West) and establishing regional assemblies. This was a crucial step in Nigeria's journey towards a federal system.

While a constitution is often seen as a single document, many countries (like the UK) also rely on conventions, which are unwritten rules, customs, and practices that guide political behavior and are considered binding, even if not legally enforceable in the same way as written law. Party systems (A, D) and political structures (C) are results or aspects of a constitution, not sources of it.

A nation-state is a political unit where the state and the nation (a group of people united by common descent, language, culture, or history) are in agreement or harmony. The concept is strongly associated with nationalism, which is the ideology promoting the interests of a particular nation.

Karl Marx's critique of capitalism centrally revolves around the concept of surplus value. He argued that capitalists pay workers only enough for their subsistence (wages) but extract more value from their labor than what they pay, and this "surplus value" is the source of capitalist profit, which he viewed as exploitation.

Population census figures in Nigeria have historically been highly contentious and politicized. Different regions and ethnic groups often believe that census figures are manipulated for political consideration, as population size directly impacts political representation (electoral districts) and resource allocation from the federal government.

1. Bilateralism refers to relations or agreements between two states.
2. Trilateralism (A) involves three states.
3. Multilateralism (C) involves three or more states.
4. Unilateralism (D) is a policy of acting alone, without consulting or cooperating with other states.

During the Nigerian Civil War, Colonel Benjamin Adekunle, often referred to as "Black Scorpion," was the first and prominent commanding officer of the 3rd Marine Commando Division of the Nigerian Army.

Public corporations in Nigeria often face significant challenges due to excessive political interference, which can lead to inefficiency, mismanagement, and a lack of accountability

The Federal Character Commission (FCC) is specifically mandated to promote and enforce the "federal character" principle in public service appointments. This principle aims to ensure that appointments and promotions reflect the diversity of Nigeria's ethnic and geographical composition, preventing the dominance of any single ethnic group or region.

An independent electoral commission is a crucial ingredient for a free and fair election. Its independence ensures that the electoral process is conducted without bias and that the results are credible and widely accepted.

Authority is the legitimate right to exercise power, meaning the power is seen as valid and justified by those subject to it.

1. Sovereignty (B) is the supreme power or authority within a territory. While related, authority specifically speaks to the legal right to exercise power.
2. Coercion (C) is the use of force, and influence
3. (D) is the capacity to have an effect on the character or behavior of someone or something, without necessarily having legal right.

One of the most important functions of a political party is to mobilize support and nominate candidates to contest for political offices. This is a fundamental aspect of democratic politics.

Nigeria's non-alignment policy was a deliberate foreign policy stance during the Cold War where the country chose not to formally align with either the capitalist Western Bloc led by the USA or the communist Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union

The French policy of assimilation aimed to turn the colonized people into French citizens by having them adopt French language, culture, and laws. This was in stark contrast to the British policy of Indirect Rule

Federalism is a system of government in which power is constitutionally divided between a central (federal) government and constituent political units (like states or provinces).

1. Unitary (B) systems centralize power.
2. Con-federal (A) systems have weak central governments and strong, independent units.
3. Oligarchic (D) refers to rule by a small group.

Nigeria operates a three-tier federal system of government: the Federal Government (central), the State Governments, and the Local Governments.

While privatization aims to improve efficiency and reduce costs in the long run, a common immediate demerit, especially in the Nigerian context, has been the higher cost of goods and services for consumers as privatized entities seek to maximize profits and may face less regulation than public corporations.

1. Creation of unemployment (C) is also a frequent criticism as private companies often streamline operations.
2. Inefficient service delivery (D) is typically a demerit of public corporations, which privatization aims to address.

Nigeria is a country with a large and diverse population. The rationale for adopting a federal system was to accommodate the country's ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity by allowing different groups to have some level of autonomy and self-governance

Herbert Macaulay is widely regarded as the founding father of Nigerian nationalism. He established the first political party in Nigeria, the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), in 1923, and was a prominent critic of British colonial rule.