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Karl Marx's critique of capitalism centrally revolves around the concept of surplus value. He argued that capitalists pay workers only enough for their subsistence (wages) but extract more value from their labor than what they pay, and this "surplus value" is the source of capitalist profit, which he viewed as exploitation.

This question re-states the fundamental conditions of statehood. The most widely accepted attributes are: a definite territory, a permanent population, an effective government, and sovereignty (the capacity to enter into relations with other states).

Options B, C, and D include elements that are either too specific (police, army, resources, custom) or not direct attributes in the same definitional sense.

Nigeria is a country with a large and diverse population. The rationale for adopting a federal system was to accommodate the country's ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity by allowing different groups to have some level of autonomy and self-governance

Political socialization is the process by which individuals acquire political attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors.

Political parties play a significant role as agents of socialization by articulating ideologies, mobilizing citizens, and shaping political discourse. Other agents include family, schools, media, and peer groups.

Herbert Macaulay is widely regarded as the founding father of Nigerian nationalism. He established the first political party in Nigeria, the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), in 1923, and was a prominent critic of British colonial rule.

1. Nigeria is a prominent member of The Commonwealth of Nations (B) due to its historical ties to the British Empire.
2. Nigeria is a founding member and key player in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (C) due to its significant oil production.
3. Nigeria is a leading member of the African Union (AU) (D), promoting African unity and cooperation.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (A) is a military alliance primarily composed of North American and European countries. Nigeria is not a member of NATO.

One of the most important functions of a political party is to mobilize support and nominate candidates to contest for political offices. This is a fundamental aspect of democratic politics.

Public opinion, expressed through various channels such as media, surveys, protests, and general sentiment, is a key way that the needs, desires, and preferences of citizens are communicated to the government.

1. The judiciary (A) interprets laws.
2. Civil service (B) implements policies.
3. Political parties (C) aggregate interests but public opinion is the broader mechanism.

Judicial review is the power of courts to determine whether actions by the legislative and executive branches of government are in accordance with the constitution. If an act is found to be unconstitutional, it can be declared null and void.

Impeachment (A), vote of no confidence (B), and recall (C) are mechanisms to remove elected officials, not to check the constitutionality of their actions or laws

The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of 56 independent and equal sovereign states, most of which were formerly part of the British Empire.

Their shared common colonial history under British rule is the primary historical and cultural bond that brings them together.

1. They do not have a uniform political system (B).
2. No common currency (C).
3. Necessarily a common language (D, though English is often used as a lingua franca).

An independent electoral commission is a crucial ingredient for a free and fair election. Its independence ensures that the electoral process is conducted without bias and that the results are credible and widely accepted.

A bicameral legislature (two chambers) provides an additional layer of scrutiny and debate for proposed legislation. This makes it less easy to manipulate bills or for one chamber to rush through flawed legislation, as the second chamber acts as a check and balance.

It generally makes the process more cumbersome (A) and slower (C, D) than a unicameral system.

The Civil Service Commission is the government body responsible for managing the personnel affairs of the civil service, including recruitment, promotions, transfers, and disciplinary actions.

Public corporations in Nigeria often face significant challenges due to excessive political interference, which can lead to inefficiency, mismanagement, and a lack of accountability

Political socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and behaviors associated with a particular political system, thereby developing their political attitudes and beliefs.

Political culture (B) is the sum of these attitudes and beliefs in a society.

Totalitarianism is a form of government that seeks to control virtually all aspects of public and private life. This is characterized by an excessive centralization of power in the hands of a single dictator or a small ruling elite, with minimal individual freedom and widespread state control.

A unitary system of government centralizes power in a single national government, which can lead to simpler administrative structures and fewer overlapping functions compared to federal systems.

This often translates to it being cheaper to operate due to less bureaucracy and duplication of services across multiple levels of government. It doesn't necessarily make it more democratic (A), eradicate corruption (B), or eliminate tyranny (D).

While political parties may engage in increasing political awareness (A), formulating policies (B), and implementing programs (C) if they are in government, their fundamental and ultimate aim is to acquire and exercise political power (i.e., win elections and govern) in order to implement their agenda.

In a parliamentary system, a vote of no confidence (or censure motion) indicates that the legislature no longer has confidence in the executive. If such a vote passes, it typically leads to the resignation of the entire cabinet (including the Prime Minister), or it may trigger a general election.

The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) were both established during the presidency of Olusegun Obasanjo (1999-2007) as part of his government's efforts to combat corruption.